The Contemporary International System Free Essays

The Contemporary International System The structure of the contemporary worldwide framework includes a wide range of variables that impact how the world works today. The global framework is characterized as the investigation of the cooperations among the different on-screen characters that take part in universal governmental issues, including states, worldwide associations, nongovernmental associations, sub-national elements, and people. The investigation of worldwide relations expects to assess how nations connect inside the political and social universal framework. We will compose a custom paper test on The Contemporary International System or on the other hand any comparative subject just for you Request Now Factors, for example, mechanical change, movements of national force and different changes in the earth impact today’s framework and how we live on an everyday premise. History is another factor that must be perceived in the forming of the world framework. Occasions that happened in the nineteenth and twentieth hundreds of years have an incredible effect today, as we can make future projections dependent on verifiable patterns. The activity and structure of the worldwide framework includes different social and political variables that shape the world we live in today. The molding of the contemporary framework was accomplished through the idea of globalization. This thought is regularly alluded to as the â€Å"shrinkage of the world† and has been made conceivable through the progression in present day innovation. Globalization is the procedure by which territorial economies, social orders, and societies have gotten coordinated through a worldwide system of political thoughts. Today, a nation’s mechanical capacity is the primary marker of its capacity. Innovation straightforwardly influences a nation’s monetary development however advancement. This development at that point permits that nation to create military weapons for assurance and might lose the level of influence between states. Innovation and advancement can likewise decide a nation’s exchange limit, which can restrict the sum a nation can import and fare. A country with incredible exchange abilities will encounter universal budgetary streams into their nation, consequently animating financial development. Innovation gives a structure to both the family member and total force among states and enormously impacts the structure of the universal framework. For instance, in the event that we assess the relationship of intensity and innovation from the beginning of time, we see that the United States and Germany experienced sensational changes in their worldwide position following the second mechanical insurgency, similarly as Great Britain had following the principal modern unrest. These forces have since neglected to keep up their place at the cutting edge of mechanical advancement, and have blurred from the worldwide scene. Nations like Japan have been innovatively exceptional throughout the previous 50 years and have moved to the cutting edge of the global scene. The worldwide scene that was once overwhelmed by the United States, may have another force due to Japan’s huge mechanical and creative abilities. Organizations have additionally globalized, as they are presently ready to communicate with organizations abroad with the snap of a catch. Since movement has become â€Å"easy† organizations are currently ready to meet up close and personal with their worldwide accomplices all the time. There are legitimate traditions that individuals must follow while taking part in remote strategic policies. For instance, the trading of business cards is a conventional practice in nations like China and Japan. Outside business partners may consider it to be an indication of insolence in the event that one isn't instructed on the correct traditions of that nation. The structure and activity of the global framework is likewise affected by the practices of the entertainers inside that framework. For a considerable length of time, the possibility of the â€Å"state† was focused upon the possibility of incorporation and rejection. This thought turned into the highlight of national legislative issues for quite a long time and is a significant purpose behind clashes inside the framework. After the French Revolution these states were framed on the three belief systems of authenticity, progressivism, and vision. Karen Mingst and Jack Snyder characterize these belief systems and clarify the suppositions behind the shortcomings that lead to misinformed approaches. Authenticity imparts a valuation for the job of intensity yet cautions that states will endure in the event that they exceed. The collaboration among states is an approach to amplify every individual state’s security and regularly calls for â€Å"backing† during times of contention. World War II takes after a pragmatist thought as each state was attracted to battle to amplify its own security. Progressivism distinguishes the potential for majority rules systems, yet additionally takes note of that popular governments can prompt oppressive regimes and the danger of a savage breakdown. This emerged after World War I because of the powerlessness to control and cutoff war inside the global framework. Finally, Idealism focuses on that a state’s values must strengthen any stable political request however perceives that there is likewise a potential for strife. Together these three viewpoints structure the center of the contemporary global framework. So as to completely comprehend the contemporary global framework, we should initially comprehend the recorded patterns in the state and worldwide framework. Worldwide Relations can be followed back to the Peace of Westphalia in 1648 where the advanced state framework was created. This initiated the idea of sway, which is characterized as total and unending influence put resources into a region. This force doesn't exist in an individual, yet in a state. In this, the pioneers are restricted by divine law and are â€Å"subject to the laws of God and nature. † This conviction is as yet held today and adherents trait the authenticity of the state to the assent of the individuals. All things considered, the â€Å"people† are the principal the wellspring of all political force. Taking everything into account, the contemporary universal framework was molded based on globalization, the practices of the entertainers inside the worldwide framework, and the assessment of authentic examples. The world is continually changing and developing toward an increasingly associated populace. The far reaching utilization of web-based social networking and proceeded with progresses in innovation permit the populace to interface with one another as though they were sitting in a similar room. As we advance toward this new time, we should distinguish these authentic examples so as to additionally improve our future global relations. The most effective method to refer to The Contemporary International System, Essay models

Experiential Analysis Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Experiential Analysis - Assignment Example The association, Med life, a little organization in Jeddah City, Saudi Arabia offers medicinal services administrations to patients and others who are needing clinical assistance. It is a wellbeing association engaged with dealing with wiped out patients brought into the clinical focus, guaranteeing that they get the best consideration that can be agreed to them, lastly guaranteeing that the conditions where they live in are favorable and clean. Medications life has a director whose job is to guarantee that the tasks of the clinical focus are productive without any issues. The administrator is in direct correspondence with the secretary and the budgetary right hand. The secretary has the job of guaranteeing that all the information of all patients is appropriately reported and recorded to stay away from the loss of critical information particularly quiet data. The money related collaborator guarantees that every monetary record that identify with quiet consideration are appropriately saved for simple recovery and responsibility. In addition, he likewise investigates the productivity of the association so as to maintain a strategic distance from liquidation. Investigation Gender can be portrayed as being socially and mentally developed through the family, social just as instructive settings. The job of sexual orientation in working environment correspondence has been talked about a great deal before and the investigations show that people have totally different methods of conveying. In the time that I went through at Med time on earth I understood that the male associates would in general be forceful and consistently appeared to be instructing during correspondence. From inquire about, I understood that correspondence that is prove by male associates in the work environment is a lot of forcefulness, the propensity to hinder others when they are talking, and the inclination to attempt to shroud their feelings when imparting. The male sexual orientation is describ ed with the traits of solidarity, intensity, hazard taking, and freedom in the entirety of their correspondences (Barrett and Davidson, 2006). As indicated by transformative brain science contemplates, men convey forcefully, intrude on others during discussions, and attempt such a great amount to conceal their feelings. These three angles are helpful in mate determination and it is inescapable for men to dodge this subconscious want even in a conference (Mian, 2013). In the association, ladies partners were for the most part passionate individuals and this is very much exemplified by an episode that happened once in the association. A kindred female associate was overpowered by her obligations in the organization and at home. True to form she imparted her emotions to an associate and she clarified that she probably won't stay aware of the weight. The chief who caught this discussion accepted that the female specialist was lazing near and should forgo talking about close to home issu es during working hours. From look into, ladies are described as extremely passionate and along these lines will in general take part in expressive talks and this includes the propensity to set up closeness and closeness and construct understanding just as compassion through their correspondence. As per Babcock (2003), â€Å"Women regularly stress more than men over the effect their activities will have on their connections. This can provoke them to change their conduct to ensure individual associations, now and again by requesting things by implication, once in a while by requesting short of what they truly need, and some of the time attempting to be all the more meriting what

Carnival

Carnival Last night, we went to a carnival that was sponsored by the Undergraduate Association (UA), Panhellenic Association (Panhel), Dormitory Council (DormCon), Interfraternity Council (IFC), SaveTFP (love your beaver!), Living Group Council (LGC), and Lesbian, Bisexual, Gay, and Transgender (LBGT) groups. (There could be more sponsors that Im forgetting.) Gabe 08, my suitemate from San Antonio, TX, returned to campus today, just in time to try and knock down a fat cat. Its really hard to throw this wiffle ball into the octagon hexagon (see comment below) without letting it bounce out. Damn game. Everybody loves dunk tanks. Unfortunately, there werent any Nobel Prize winners in this one. Does anyone else see the resemblance? just throwing it out there Sam and Gabe put on velcro suits and then thrust themselves onto a large complementary velcro wall. (Heres an interesting article from the Lemelson-MIT program about how parents and their children rank the most important inventions. Velcro is in the consumer goods section.) Mini golf. Human bowling. Jousting. The obligatory Tim the Beaver picture. Gabe and Sam sumo wrestled each other. Aero Disastro Course 16.5, also known as MIT Student Juggling Origamit, Paperfolding at MIT LBGT button-making Warning: this part is going to start off happy, and end depressing. DormCon sponsored an area at which you threw something into something and your prize was a goldfish. After I performed the aforementioned task, I went over to the cooler and received my prize from Ian 06. As I was walking away, Sam asked, Whats his name? I thought he meant the person who handed me the goldfish, so I said, Oh, thats Ian Brelinsky. Sam actually was referring to the goldfish, so we decided to name the fish Ian Brelinsky in honor of Ian 06. I guess I have led a very sheltered childhood, since I didnt know that carnival goldfish dont live very long. I joked that I would release Ian Brelinsky into the Charles River so he could live longer, but then we decided that our sink water was probably healthier. Here I am with Ian 06 and Ian Brelinsky 0fish Unfortunately, at 12:40 PM we noticed that Ian Brelinsky was no longer alive. Sam offered to dispose of him for me. Hmm, urinal or toilet? *sniff* I dont want to end on such a tragic note, so I will leave you with this: Tree trunks get so postered that we resort to taping flyers to leaves.

Overpopulation State Of Debate - 2012 Words

Overpopulation State of debate Should governments fine people who have too many biological children in order to reduce environmental damage due to overpopulation? Introduction If someone told your parent they were being fined by the government because you had an abundance of sisters and brothers, how would you feel? On the other side of things, what if you found out your brothers and sisters contributed to environment issues? Statistics draw to the fact that the world is becoming overpopulated and that our actions today affect the future generations. Some agree due to statistics and increasing issues with the world population growing. Some argue that it affects their autonomy and overall happiness. Some also would agree that it comes†¦show more content†¦In addition to that, over time we will be adding in several billions of citizens. Each one of those people produce emissions. If that continues, we are not successfully setting up future generations for success. There are many problems that having many children can affect the environment and the future of mankind. Adding to that challenge, the world is expected to add several billion people in th e next few decades, each one producing more emissions. The situation is bleak, it s just dark, he says. Population engineering, maybe it s an extreme move. But it gives us a chance† (Ludden, 1). The question is, how could we as a whole persuade billions of people around the world to do this? This would require educating women and families on fertility and the outcomes it produces to the environment. Contraception would need to be more accessible and other agencies and groups would need to expand. Duty to conserve resources As a whole, we all have a duty to ensure future generations happiness. â€Å"We have a duty to conserve resources. At current rates, we will use up the known reserves of fossil fuels and uranium within two hundred years. Wasting theses resources, especially when known technology can increase efficiency, so that we can conserve without significant sacrifice of convenience, denies people of the future a fair opportunity to attain a lifestyle commensurate with our own† (Desjardins, 85). If people were to beShow MoreRelatedHuman Overpopulation1505 Words   |  7 PagesThe topic of overpopulation has different perspectives regarding whether or not it is happening as well as its apparent effects of both the environment and its inhabitants. The idea of human overpopulation being a problem most clearly begins around the time of Thomas Robert Malthus’ publishing of An Essay on the Principle of Population as It Affects the Future Improvement of Society, with Remarks on the Specu lations of Mr. Godwin, M. Condorcet, and Other Writers. In his writing, Malthus describesRead MoreOverpopulation Is A Foremost Challenge That Humans Face Today1431 Words   |  6 PagesA Debate over Overpopulation Overpopulation is a foremost challenge that humans face today. According to www.Worldometeres.info, the human population is heading to 7.5 billion, and at our current birthrate, we are adding nearly one billion more people every twelve years. Issues such as dependence on natural resources, degradation of the environment, poverty, and unemployment, are root issues caused by overpopulation. Though opponents of this theory, such as Erle C. Ellis, use archaeological recordsRead MoreThe Effects Of Human Overpopulation On The Environment1242 Words   |  5 PagesThe Effects of Human Overpopulation on the Environment â€Å"Can one apple slice feed the world?† If the world were an apple, farmland would only be one very thin slice. The growing population on this Earth has some serious questions that it needs to consider as a whole. How are we all going to eat with eight billion mouths to eat? Farmers have an interesting proposition, they need to feed a growing population with very little land. Overpopulation also has negative effects on the earth through pollutionRead MoreOverpopulation Is A Catastrophe?841 Words   |  4 Pagesexperienced enormous changes in the people number. These changes have boomed considerably and have converted to overpopulation. Currently, the global population is 7 billion, and the increase rate is 1.3% annually that means by the end of the twenty-first century the population will reach twelve billion (Keenan, 2013). Therefore, there is a huge debate going on right now regarding overpopulation. For some people, explosion in population has no detrimental impacts in the future, and it will be bearableRead MoreOverpopulation Is A Major Challenge That Humans Face Today1199 Words   |  5 Pages Overpopulation is a major challenge that humans face today. The human population is close to 8 billion, and at our current birthrate, we are adding nearly one billion more people every 12 years. Issues such as dependence of natural resources, degradation of the environment, poverty, and unemployment, are root causes of overpopulation. Though opponents of this theory, such as Erle C. Ellis uses archeological records, and the history of human evolution to argue against overpopulation. Robert WalkerRead MoreOverpopulation And The Problem Of Overpopulation1747 Words   |  7 PagesOverpopulation Programs There are many organizations that deal with the problem of overpopulation or problems related to the effects of overpopulation such as environmental effects. Some of the organizations that I found related to this topic are the United Nations Population Fund, a group called Population Matters, another group called the World Population Balance and the Center for Biological Diversity. All of these groups deal with the issue of overpopulation and the effects that overpopulationRead MoreA Great Matter Of Concern Today Or Just A Bust?1667 Words   |  7 Pages â€Æ' A Great Matter of Concern Today or Just a Bust? While India is on the verge of being the most populated country. While the third world countries are deprived of their resources rapidly. People in the United States have to say that the problem of over population has been curbed and infant production rate controlled. Recently, one of the commentators in prominent U.S. publication declared that the population boom is a bust. Whether it is actually a bust nowRead MoreOverpopulation : The Better Or For The Worst?1547 Words   |  7 PagesOverpopulation: for the better or for the worst? There are currently seven million people inhabiting earth. By 2050, it is predicted that population will reach up to 10.63 billion and by 2300 it is predicted to be 36.44 billion. In less than 300 years, population will grow by more than 30 billion people. The earth is meant to hold about six billion people and since humans have already already exceeded its limit, it is crucial for strong actions to take place in order to prevent overpopulation orRead MoreAdopt and Save a Life Essay1553 Words   |  7 Pagesdog has had. Studies show that more animals in the United States are being euthanized every day due to the fact of overpopulation of animals, serious injury or diseases, puppy mills and natural disasters. According to the Humane Society of the United States, they estimated that in 2013, animal shelters care for about six to eight million dogs and cats every year, of this approximately three to four million are euthanized (Pet Overpopulation). This stated would mean that about one animal every eightRead MoreThe Causes of World Hunger1658 Words   |  7 Pages For the uninformed, the cause of world hunger might seem to be quite obvious, because the concept of hunger is ostensibly simple; being hungry means a lack of food, so world hunger must be caused either by a lack of food on a global scale or overpopulation. Put another way, the easy answer to the question of world hunger is to suggest that there is either too little food or too many people, but in reality, neither of these scenarios prove to be the case. Instead, research has shown that human beings

A Comparison Of The 1991 Gulf War - 1623 Words

In order to facilitate the discussion of newspapers’ framing of the recent US military strike in Syria, it is necessary to look at similar foreign policy event - news coverage of the 1991 Gulf War - that serves as a reference to compare the news frames in both stories. To the contrary of Ivengar’s findings, according to which television news coverage of the Gulf War of 1991 was heavily episodic oriented (more than 75 percentage), the study in this paper has found that more than half of the examined newspaper articles (56 percent in The New York Times and 59 percent in the USA Today) about the US military strike in Syria consist of a thematic frame. There are several possible explanations for the difference in the news framing of two†¦show more content†¦Given these circumstances, television news outlets were unable to produce war footage and broadcast them in their 24-hours news cycles while print journalists have to relied even more on thematic framing in their coverage. Thirdly and related to former point, the two US military interventions differ in size, scope, form and length of time. While the military operation to liberate Kuwait from Iraqi occupation in 1991 consisted of extensive military preparations and the invasion of a foreign country, the missile strike against a Syrian regime airfield was a an operation of a few hours, using only unmanned cruise missile against a single target. As a result, there was simply not enough time to assign correspondents to the ground, who often tend frame events in wars episodically. More generally, perhaps due to the lack of access to the ground operations, journalists, particularly those working for newspaper, were able to cover this foreign policy event predominately thematic as opposed to the first Gulf War. The difference in the media alone cannot account for the large number of thematic oriented articles in both newspapers about the US missile strike on Syria. Many articles extended their thematic coverage to topics such as the fight against ISIS, the complexity of shifting alliances within the fractured armed opposition in Syria and the involvement other states and actorsShow MoreRelatedCultural Awareness Of Saudi Arabia1101 Words   |  5 PagesCultural Awareness Of Saudi Arabia By: SGT Farrier, Benjamin W. 13B30 ALC Class 507-17 SGL: SSG Avendano, Allan 12MAY2017  Saudi Arabia, located in the middle east, takes up most of the Arabian Peninsula. This deeply rooted country, in comparison to Western culture, is different in many ways. Culture is defined as a civilization s way of life, their beliefs, morals, laws, and customs. Similarly to how American citizens follow the rules and regulations laid out in the constitution, theRead MoreThe Gulf War And Its Effects On Character Portrayal1028 Words   |  5 PagesThe Gulf War and Its Effects on Character Portrayal in â€Å"Aladdin† Background Knowledge In the year 1992 Aladdin was released by Disney, making it one of the fastest growing films. The movie is based off of a young thief whom seeks a better life in Agrhaba, a city that very much resembles those of Arab countries. Aladdin ironically was being produced â€Å"during the 1991 Gulf War under the Bush administration. The war lasted six months. It was conflict between Iraq and 34 countries in the U.N., includingRead MoreThe Defense Of Defense : The Supreme Commander Of The Armed Forces1359 Words   |  6 PagesMinister of Defense. The security forces assigned for public duties are under the command of the Interior Minister. In 1993, the Defense Minister, Ali as Sabah as Salim Al Sabah, was deployed at another department than Interior Ministry after the Gulf War. The ultimate power in the state lies with the ruling family. Before the invasion of Iraq, the strength of Kuwaiti army was 16,000 officers and soldiers. The formations that took part in principal combat consisted of three armored brigades. It alsoRead MoreContainment Policy : A Strategy For The Middle East1619 Words   |  7 Pagesestablished by George Bush Sr. after the Gulf War is the most viable option for the United States when deciding how to stabilize the Middle East. A political strategy of containment strictly sustains the status quo, and is inexpensive in terms of blood, money, and political capital. Furthering the United States’ containment policy in the context of Iraq will halter the making of nuclear, biological, and chemical weapons, ensuring the free flow of oil from the Gulf, while preventing Iraq from threateningRead More The Persian Gulf War Essay example3203 Words   |  13 PagesIntroduction Wars have been apart of this world almost as long as anything else has. Even in the Bible days there are records of wars. There are many reasons that states choose to go to war. Sometimes it is for the expansion of a nation or state, other times it is for financial gains, and it also could be for security or defense purposes. Whatever the case may be, wars have been apart of human life and will always be. There were no differences when it came to the Persian Gulf War. This war involved theRead MoreEssay about The Persian Gulf War3279 Words   |  14 PagesIntroduction Wars have been apart of this world almost as long as anything else has. Even in the Bible days there are records of wars. There are many reasons that states choose to go to war. Sometimes it is for the expansion of a nation or state, other times it is for financial gains, and it also could be for security or defense purposes. Whatever the case may be, wars have been apart of human life and will always be. There were no differences when it came to the Persian Gulf War. This war involved theRead MoreDomestic Political State Of The Nation, Technological Advances, And Doctrinal Changes1511 Words   |  7 PagesThe Evolution of the Cost of War Analyzed through the Domestic Political State of the Nation, Technological Advances, and Doctrinal Changes Politics can be defined as the practice of influencing people through the exercise of power. The main way to control a person or a group of people is to control their finances. This is why the economy of the United States is so important. Without control of its finances, the nation is unable to exercise control internally or over other nations. There have beenRead MoreAmerica an Apostle for Justice and a Combatant of Terrorism1391 Words   |  6 Pagestreat war as a sporting event, believing they are going to war with the only objective being to win, and forgetting objectives consistent with their nation’s own self-interest. Nations do go to war, but structured war objectives are usually limited to a nationÊ ¼s foreign and economic policy and the objectives then stem from self-interest. Nations go to war to gain territory, protect markets, or to gain resources, not just to triumph villainous forces. World War 1: Summary: A bloody war thatRead MoreThe Containment Policy Established By George W. Bush After The Gulf War1604 Words   |  7 Pages The Containment Policy established by George W. Bush after the Gulf War is the most viable option for the United States. The Containment Policy strictly sustains the status quo, and is inexpensive in terms of blood, money, and political capital.The Containment Policy will halter the making of nuclear, biological and chemical weapons and will ensure free oil flow from the Gulf, while preventing Iraq from threatening its neighbors. For this reason, a political strategy of containment is comparativelyRead MoreShould the United States have Mandatory Military Conscription?966 Words   |  4 Pagesconscription or a â€Å"draft† was in effect. The United States, up until the Civil War, rarely kept nor desired a standing Army. Relying on individual state militia’s, the forerunner of today’s National Guard, was the norm for supplying a fighting f orce when needed. Nonetheless the only major conflict between the Civil War and the first Persian Gulf War that did not have compulsory military service was the Spanish American war. (Bandow 1) The inequity of the Union draft requirement instituted by Congress

Information Privacy Security TJX Data Breach Crisis and Lessons Free Essays

Introduction Protecting the privacy of consumer personal information continues to pose significant challenges for organisations. The complexity is aggravated by consumers’ vulnerability that comes about when they are unable to control the usage of personal information they share with business organisations. Given the importance of information privacy, there has been a host of privacy research focusing on the organisational decisions regarding the use and reuse of consumer personal information (Schwartz, 2009; Greenaway and Chan, 2005). We will write a custom essay sample on Information Privacy Security: TJX Data Breach Crisis and Lessons or any similar topic only for you Order Now Culnan et al (2008) observes that the emerging decentralisation of technology environment has posed additional privacy challenge: data breaches. Currently, it is only the United States that requires organisations to give formal notice in the event of data breach (Morley, 2014). European Union and its member countries are yet to establish any legal requirements for organisations to notify consumers of any data breach, thereby leaving such eventuality at the fate of an organisation’s management. Without any notification laws, data breaches remain private and under the discretion of the affected organization. Therefore, this paper focuses on one of the most prominent data security breaches that the world has ever witnessed: TJX data privacy breach crisis, in the context of, ethical principles and theories, legal, professional and social issues. . The Information Privacy Concept According to Xu et al. (2008), the concept of information privacy is multidimensional in nature and is largely dependent on the context as well as personal experiences. Although others see information privacy as full of definition ambiguity (Schwartz, 2009), others have defined consumer personal information as being made up of data generated when consumers conduct transactions. The problems of privacy often emerge from how this consumer information is stored, analysed, used, or shared (FTC, 2008). Information on how to address problems related to privacy management is limited due to minimal research in the area, particularly those issues dealing with management responsibilities on social issues. For example, there is limited research on how organisations should deal with consumers’ personal identifiable information, the role of managers in the protecting the consumer data and the moral duty of every party involved in the handling or accessing consumer data. Overview of TJX Data Breach TJX is a US-based off-price retailer operating over 2,400 stores in various countries and regions including US, Puerto Rico, Canada, and Europe. In the network of stores, the retailer collects and store customer information that would authorize purchases via payment cards, personal cheques , and processing of merchandise returned without a receipt. This violated the legal requirement that prohibits any business from retaining sensitive consumer card information, including the magnetic strips on credit cards (Smedinghoff and Hamady, 2008). In addition, the breach exposed TJX’s failure to observe basic ethical and professional principles. The revelation emerged when in 2007 TJX issued a press release stating that criminals had intruded their data system and stolen over 45 million consumers’ card information within a period of 18 months (FTC, 2008). Although the TJX filed Form 8-K disclosure statement with the Securities and Exchange Commission as required by the law, the company was widely held to be at fault for the breach. The company was accused of breaching the law by storing unencrypted sensitive consumer information, for their failure to limit unauthorised access to the massive data via their wireless network, and the inability to establish adequate security measures within its networks among other issues (FTC, 2008). The Legal and social Issues in the TJX Data Breach The current global data protection guideline is based on the Fair Information Practices (FIPs), which deal with individual rights and organisational responsibilities with regard to management of consumer data (Morley, 2014). In other words, how responsibly the data is used is a pointer to the social expectations with regards to consumer data use. FIPs attempts to put a certain level of balance between the competing business and individual interests in terms of legitimate use of personal information, which serves as the foundation for privacy laws and industry-specific regulatory programmes. In this respect, FIPs lays the foundation for organisations on how to be socially responsible in dealing with privacy issues. On the other hand, the adoption of these guidelines lays the foundations for evaluation by the external audiences on an organisation’s degree of responsiveness (Allen, 2011). There is a general consensus that responsible data management practice is paramount in every organisation (Morley, 2014). However, there is no consensus about how the implementation of individual principles should be carried out. Schwartz (2009, p.1) observes that in most parts of the world, â€Å"fair information practices are implemented through omnibus laws.† Curiously, the United States has no comprehensive laws that compel organisations to observe fair information practice, but instead developed sectoral laws and regulations to consumer privacy protection with laws being enacted in response to issues arising from specific industries. The challenge that comes with this approach is that there is uneven practice in terms of operations and implementations. Moreover, the TJX issue exposed some glaring weaknesses in the implementation of FIP laws and regulations based on the principles of notice, choice, access, security, and sanctions for noncompliance (Culnan, et al., 2008). The effectiveness of data privacy management for organisations that collect, store, and use consumer personal data is curtailed by other issues including unclear law or policy, varied jurisdictions, and differences in data type. The challenge may be further aggravated by conflicting regional or state laws (Allen, 2011). The breaches in the TJX case involved unauthorised access to consumer personal information, which resulted in a variety of risks towards consumer personal information. Nevertheless, there is a general agreement within the statutory laws and regulations that every organisation should ensure there is duty of care with regards to information they collect and store based on consumer’s vulnerability and the actual possibility of harm (Allen, 2011). Allen (2011) observes that although organisations that comply with government regulations are considered legitimate, and readily accepted by their external environment, including partners, this milestone is not easily achievable given the above challenges. For example, the term ‘reasonable procedure’ as stated in most sectoral data protection regulations does not specify what is actually ‘reasonable’, which may vary depending on the nature and size of the organisation, the types of information it captures and stores, the security equipments and tools in the possession of the organisation, and the nature of risk at display. There has been criticism in regards to the prevailing laws and regulations because they are seen as reactive and outdated at the time when they are enacted (Morley, 2014). The other complaint is that most of privacy violation issues are only detected after the damage is done, thus doing little to reverse the loss on the affected consumers. The Moral Issues and Responsibilities Information ethics is based on the collection, use, and management of information (Morley, 2014). As technology becomes increasingly complex, it is evident that ethical problems related to these developments continue to increase. However, the normative theories (stockholder, stakeholder, and social contracts) used to address the prevailing challenges remain less developed, with many institutions only relying on bare legal minimum requirements in relation to consumer data protection (Culnan, et al., 2008). Morley (2014) observes that these theories are distinct and incompatible with regards to the obligations of a business person. Taking into consideration the large social and financial impact of privacy breach as observed in the TJX case, there are mainly two aspects of moral issues that are central to the data privacy: vulnerability and harm avoidance. The concept of vulnerability highlights most of society’s moral intuitions, with the inherent scenario where one party is at disadvantage with regard to the other party in terms of data collection and use. This situation emerged because one party lacked the capacity to control the information givento the other party. Solove (2007) observed that the root cause of large-scale privacy invasions is embedded inthe lack of information control by the giver. In the case of TJX, consumers suffered outright vulnerability, although they expected TJX to protect their card information with a proper mechanism in place. On the other hand, avoiding harm involves the need for managers to avoid using consumer data to harm the vulnerable consumer socially and financially. Many have argued that it is the responsibility of the managers to take a minimum moral standing to ensure no harm is done in the treatment of consumer information (Culnan, et al., 2008). Conclusion Information privacy is an important issue in the modern business environment. In order to protect consumer information, managers must learn to strike a balance between consumer privacy and business interests by constantly adhering to the principle of protecting the vulnerable consumer and not causing harm to them through their personal information. It is important to note that TJX caused harm when their consumer personal data were stolen by a third party intruder. Although TJX violated industry rules, it is more significant to highlight that the company’s failure to observe moral responsibility in the protection of consumer data should be viewed as more detrimental to the company. Businesses are expected to follow basic ethical principles in managing business activities. While we can argue that the TJX data breach saga received the attention because of the United State’s comprehensive formal notice requirements within the laws on privacy data management, it is also apparent that personal data protection is beyond the laws and regulations and requires ethical foundations within the organisations. The need to integrate ethical reasoning into the privacy programmes of every organisation is paramount (Xu et al., 2008). We can argue that integrating moral responsibility within organisations will not only establish ethical standards for the organisations, but is growingly becoming a necessity considering the challenges surrounding the implementation of legal requirements. Furthermore, considering that consumers are vulnerable and are unable to control how businesses use their personal information, it is the moral responsibilities of every organisation to go beyond bare minimum legal compliance. That is, each organisation needs to take reasonable pre caution when handling consumer data and ensure no harm is caused with this kind of data. References Allen, A. (2011). Unpopular Privacy: What Must We HideOxford: Oxford University Press. Culnan, M. J., Foxman, E. R., and Ray, A. W. (2008). â€Å"Why ITExecutives Should Help Employees Secure Their Home Com- puters,† MIS Quarterly Executive (7:1), March, pp. 49-55. Federal Trade Commission (FTC). (2008). â€Å"Press Release: Agency Announces Settlement of Separate Actions Against Retailer TJX, and Data Brokers Reed Elsevier and Seisint for Failing to Provide Adequate Security for Consumers’ Data,† March 27(available at http://www.ftc.gov/opa/2008/03/datasec.shtm; accessed November 29, 2014). Greenaway, K. E., and Chan, Y. E. (2005). â€Å"Theoretical Explana-tions of Firms’ Information Privacy Behaviors,† Journal of the Association for Information Systems (6:6), pp. 171-198. Morley, D. (2014). Understanding Computers in a Changing Society. Chicago: Cengage Learning. Schwartz, M. (2009). â€Å"Europe Debates Mandatory Data Breach Notifications.† The Privacy Advisor (9:2), p. 1. Smedinghoff, T. J., and Hamady, L. E. (2008). â€Å"New State Regula-tions Signal Significant Expansion of Corporate Data SecurityObligations,† BNA Privacy and Security Law Report (7), October 20, p. 1518. Solove, D. (2007). â€Å"The New Vulnerability: Data Security andPersonal Information,† in Securing Privacy in the Internet Age, A. Chander, L. Gelman, and M. J. Radin (eds.), Palo Alto, CA: Stanford University Press, pp. 111-136. Xu, H., Dinev, T., Smith, H. J., and Hart, P. (2008). â€Å"Examining the Formation of Individual’s Privacy Concerns: Toward an Integra-tive View,† in Proceedings of the 29th International Conference on Information Systems, Paris (available at http://aisel.aisnet.org/icis2008/6; accessed October 29, 2014). How to cite Information Privacy Security: TJX Data Breach Crisis and Lessons, Essay examples

Political Institutions And Their Effect On Economic Policy Essays

Political Institutions And Their Effect On Economic Policy ESSAY: Political Institutions and their Effect on Economic Policy Laura Lynn Wantz Political Science 182 Section #28 November 30, 2000 Imagine, if you will, a country with no political institutions. A country ruled by anarchy. What kind of economic policy would this country have or would it have one at all? Now imagine a country with highly powerful and regimented political institutions. What kind of economic policy would this country have? The two fictitious countries mentioned above would certainly have very different economic policies. The first would probably be lucky to even have an economic policy at all. Its citizens would live in a world of economic uncertainty, never knowing what their future may hold. On the other hand, the citizens of the second country, although possibly unhappy with their ruler, would at least have a pretty good idea of their economic future. These citizens would be able to place their money in banks and exchange it in international markets. They could save for their future without the fear of having everything taken from them at any given moment. What is it though that makes the economic policies of these countries so different? While there are clearly many factors that affect a country's economic policy, in this paper I would like to argue that the most important one is the presence or lack of strong political institutions. In the beginning large nations or political states did not exist. The law of the land was every man for himself. As time went on small bands of people began to form. In the beginning membership in such groups was voluntary, but those who joined soon learned of the benefits of cooperation. With time these bands became larger and larger and it was apparent that some groups were stronger than others. The strongest of these groups became what is known as roving bandits. (Olson 1993,568). If the roving bandits can be seen as the first form of political institution then the economic policy they enforced was one of chaos. They ravaged the countrysides taking whatever they felt they needed or wanted without any regard as to what would be left over for the next time they came through. As these roving bandits progressed they realized that if they were to settle in one area they could easily increase their profits. The gigantic increase in output that normally arises from the provision of a peaceful order and other public goods gives the stationary bandit a far larger take than he could obtain without providing government. (Ibid). The formation of governments and political institutions by roving bandits led to great economic policy changes. No longer playing the role of bandits these newly formed governments ditched their policy of taking what ever they could get their hands on and replaced it with a system of taking as much as they could without economically destroying their subjects. With the use of political institutions, such as, tax collectors the now stationary bandits were able to enforce a new economic policy. So, one could say that through the establishment of political institutions the bandits were able to completely transform their economic policy. Obviously, transitioning from a complete lack of political institutions to a system based in institutions is going to change economic policy, but in today's world there are very few places, if any, that completely lack political institutions. Interestingly enough not only is economic policy linked to the presence of political institutions it is also dependent upon the strength of each. Over the last couple of centuries the industrialized world has put into place thousands of political institutions. The state has become the most basic unit of political power. Through these institutions countries have been able to build national banks, stock markets, and economic tools such as the Federal Reserve. Through these institutions governments have been able to control the flow and value of their money. As history also tells us the most successful of these countries have been those whose political institutions are stable, predictable, and strong. The political institutions in these countries have been able to implement economic policies on a broad scale. From the socialism of Norway to the capitalism of the United States the point is that these policies would not have been possible without the presence of strong political institutions. The best way to prove this point, though, would have to be to ponder the question of what would happen to the economic policies of these countries if their institutions were to be weakened considerably? It may seem logical to prove that the strength of political institutions is directly related to economic policy by citing examples of

5 More Dangling Modifiers

5 More Dangling Modifiers 5 More Dangling Modifiers 5 More Dangling Modifiers By Mark Nichol Judging from the relative ease with which I accumulate real-world examples of dangling modifiers introductory phrases that provide additional information but do not integrate grammatically with the sentence’s subject I conclude that this error is among the most common of grammatical sentence-construction flubs. Here are five more examples from my overstuffed vault. 1. â€Å"A culmination of eighteen years of work, Jones admits he realized he was ‘basically making the same movie over and over again.’† The writer has hidden the key component of this sentence a reference to a film Jones directed after the revelation that his previous work had been repetitive. Any effective revision of this sentence must explicitly refer to the latest project, but the sentence should also begin by identifying the filmmaker and then parenthetically referring to the newest film: â€Å"Jones, whose film is a culmination of eighteen years of work, admits he realized he was ‘basically making the same movie over and over again.’† 2. â€Å"Delivered in Smith’s soft-spoken, nurturing manner, students can paint along with the master.† As in the previous example, this sentence only implies the context this is a description of an audio recording of an artist teaching people how to paint. For the sentence to make sense, the educational materials must be explicitly mentioned: â€Å"Using these lessons, delivered in Smith’s soft-spoken, nurturing manner, students can paint along with the master.† 3. â€Å"Tall, still lean, and still performing at eighty-three, Taylor’s legacy has not diminished with time.† Taylor, rather than his legacy, is described in the introductory phrase, so the two ideas must be separated, and Taylor must be associated with the descriptions, while the reference to the legacy can be appended at the end: â€Å"Tall and still lean, Taylor is still performing at eighty-three, and his legacy has not diminished with time.† 4. â€Å"For Lukas’s mom, playing in the school band has given her son a chance to stretch himself and see what he is capable of accomplishing.† This sentence reads as if Lukas’s mother is playing in the school band and implies that her participation has had the stated effects on her son. But he, not his mother, is in the school band, and her role in the sentence is merely to provide the information. This sentence can easily convey the writer’s intent with a straightforward attribution: â€Å"Lukas’s mom says her son’s participation in the school band has given him a chance to stretch himself and see what he is capable of accomplishing.† 5. â€Å"A brutal dictator, his regime was unchallenged until the uprising that began in February.† According to this sentence, someone’s regime was a brutal dictator. The revision should simply identify the regime as â€Å"belonging† to the tyrant: â€Å"The brutal dictator’s regime was unchallenged until the uprising that began in February.† Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Grammar category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:The Meaning of "To a T"60 Synonyms for â€Å"Trip†Threw and Through

Word Choice Around vs. Round

Word Choice Around vs. Round Word Choice: Around vs. Round Are the words â€Å"around† and â€Å"round† interchangeable? Yes. Except for when they’re not. The problem is that these terms have several uses between them, but only some uses overlap. To make sure your written work is error free, then, check out our guide to using these words correctly. Around and Round (Positions and Movements) We typically use â€Å"around† to describe the position or movement of something. This can include any of the following: Moving in a circular motion or following a perimeter Surrounding or being surrounded by something Being near to or in the general proximity of something In each of these cases, â€Å"around† works as either an adverb or a preposition. We can see how each use works in practice in the examples below: We started by walking around the edge of the field. There were trees all around. We checked to see if there were any farms around. We can also use â€Å"round† in any of these sentences. For instance: We started by walking round the edge of the field. There were trees all round. We checked to see if there were any farms round. When discussing the position or movement of something, then, you can treat â€Å"around† and â€Å"round† as synonyms. However, â€Å"around† is usually the better choice in formal writing. Approximations and Rounding Another use of â€Å"around† is as an adverb meaning â€Å"roughly† or â€Å"approximately.† For example, we could say: I have around $150 to last the next month. But even if we can use â€Å"around† in relation to numbers, this should not be confused with â€Å"rounding† a number up or down. Nor is it the same as describing something as a â€Å"round number† in math. Other Uses of Round The word â€Å"round† has other uses as a noun, verb, and adjective. As a noun, for example, it can mean any of the following: A stage in a process or competition (e.g., A round of golf†¦) Something cut into a circle (e.g., Pastry rounds†¦) Drinks bought for a group of people (e.g., I’ll get the next round†¦) A shot from a gun (e.g., They fired three rounds into the air†¦) As a verb, meanwhile, in addition to â€Å"rounding† a number, it can refer to: Moving around something (e.g., Rounding a corner†¦) Forming something into a circle (e.g., He rounded his lips and blew†¦) Finally, as an adjective, it can mean â€Å"circular† or â€Å"plump.† In short, â€Å"round† has a lot of meanings! However, we cannot use â€Å"around† in its place for any of these noun, verb, or adjective uses. Summary: Around or Round? While â€Å"round† can be an informal alternative to â€Å"around† when used to describe the movement or position of something, this is not the case with other uses of these words. Remember: Either around or round can be used to describe the movement or position of something. However, â€Å"around†Ã‚   is more formal. We also use around to say that something is a rough estimate, but we cannot use â€Å"round† as a synonym in this case. The word round has many other uses as an adjective, a noun, and a verb. However, you cannot use â€Å"around† in its place for these uses. So it is only with respect to movement or positioning that these terms are interchangeable. And if you’d like help checking you’ve used these terms correctly, just let us know.

Compare and Contrast how the western world views Islam and how Islam Essay

Compare and Contrast how the western world views Islam and how Islam views the Western World - Essay Example Biases and boundaries as well as educational differences create a specific understanding toward how one looks at both of these regions and how each responds to the cultural affiliations that are a part of this. The belief systems of Islam which Western culture is taught is one of the main differences that creates biases of this specific religion and culture. More importantly, the historical changes that have happened in recent years have created a strong association and sense of feelings about those from Islam and individuals that identify with this. Those in the Western world have created several boundaries and stereotypes to those that are Islamic and to those that are from the Eastern world. This is based on the identities and assumptions of those from this area as well as the lack of education and cultural understanding that is a part of this particular culture. One of the aspects that many in the Western world tend to disagree with is the treatment of women. Currently, gender associations in the west are based on independent and equal choices for men and women. However, most in the Western world are also taught that women in Islam are not given the same rights. The association with veils and the obligation for women to be caregivers when belonging to Islam is considered as one that is not equal and which creates inequality. Many parts of the Western culture will also state that this is a violation of human rights because of the way that women are treated. Marriage, divorce and custody laws all are a part of the viewpoint that Westerners have as well as how women are treated in relationships. â€Å"Islamic societies were, if anything, surely rather remarkable for their unequivocal placement of women under the control of men, and their equally explicit licensing of male sexuality and exploitation of women† (Ahmed, 521). While this is one of the main debates within Islam and the viewpoint of the Western

Teenage Prostitution Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Teenage Prostitution - Essay Example (India Today) The reasons why children work as prostitutes and why adults seek sexual favors from them, are multiple and interdependent. From information gathered during interviews with children, the following reasons seem most prevalent (Jain P & Kasturi 25) Almost all the girls interviewed mentioned poverty, lack of financial support from their parents and the need to eat and clothe themselves as reasons for getting involved in prostitution. Thus, in many ways, in addition to mere sexual exploitation, the children's poverty is exploited. Another way in which child prostitutes are victimised is their social exclusion and stigmatisation. Most girls become prostitutes to seek better living conditions and due to their desperate situation and/or lack of information -do not care about the consequences, which can include contracting STDs and HIV through unprotected sex. Child prostitution is also caused by changes from traditional values to those of a contemporary society. The consequences of rural to urban migration, and the subsequent reorientation of lifestyle can have far-reaching effects, most notably on the structure of the family. Fewer girls than boys enroll at school, and girls are more likely to drop out. For those who have the opportunity to go to school, conditions are basic and learning materials are in short supply. Many pupils have to travel long distances to get to the schools, which are overcrowded and under-equipped. Also, poverty and the need to contribute to the family's income often cause children to leave school to go to work instead. (Jain P & Kasturi 25) Because of their limited educational opportunities, many girls realise that their chances of obtaining good jobs are poor. Informal education and recreational opportunities are basically non-existent. All of these contribute to a lack of optimism with regard to the future (5) Social attitudes towards child prostitution Many girls testify to facing problems from their parents, their peers or members of the community because of the work they are doing. The social alienation can occur before the girls take up sex work. It is evident that the stigmatisation of the child who is vulnerable and at risk of getting involved in prostitution can be a factor in driving her towards prostitution. (6) Sexual abuse/violence and rape (7) Use of children as 'attractions' by owners and managers of bars, discotheques and restaurants Teenage prostitution is a growing phenomenon in the world. The reasons for this are multiple, but they include chronic family poverty owing to a lack of employment for adults and young persons; a breakdown in family support mechanisms; migration; gender inequality; and the impact of HIV/AIDS. Another contributory cause is the inadequacy of the education systems, which provide quality schooling for only a limited number of children. (India Today) Child prostitution is often dealt with exclusively as a form of child abuse. Although teen prostitututes

Review And History Of CDMA Computer Science Essay

Review And History Of CDMA Computer Science Essay CDMA technology was used many times ago at the time of world war-II by the English soldiers to stop German attempts at jamming transmissions. English soldiers decided to transmit signals over several frequencies, instead of one, making it difficult for the Germans to pick up the complete signal. CDMA has been used in many military applications, such as anti-jamming (because of the spread signal, it is difficult to jam or interfere with a CDMA signal), ranging (measuring the distance of the transmission to know when it will be received), and secure communications (the spread spectrum signal is very hard to detect). In 1949, Claude Shannon and Robert Pierce develop basic ideas of CDMA. In March 1992, the TIA (Telecommunications Industry Association) established the TR-45.5 subcommittee to develop a spread spectrum digital cellular standard. In July of 1993, the TIA gave its approval for the CDMA Technology standard. In September 1998, there were 16 million subscribers on CDMA systems worldwide. Now, 22 countries support CDMA. Verizon, used to be the largest carrier, is now second behind ATT, is using CDMA. Other Famous companies using CDMA are Sprint, Alltel in abroad, Tata indicom and Reliance InfoComm in India. 2. What is CDMA? Generally a fixed amount of frequency spectrum is allocated to a cellular system by the national regulator (e.g. in the United States, the Federal communication commission). Multiple-access techniques are then deployed so that many users can share the available spectrum in an efficient manner. Multiple access systems specify how signals from different sources can be combined efficiently for transmission over a given radio frequency band and then separated at the destination without mutual interference. The three basic multiple access methods currently in use in cellular systems are: A. Frequency division multiple access (FDMA) B. Time division multiple access (TDMA) C. Code division multiple access (CDMA) A. Frequency division multiple access (FDMA) The available bandwidth is splits into non-overlapping frequencies and these disjoint sub bands are dedicated to the different users on a continuous time basis. Channel bands behave as buffer zones to minimize interference between different users. B. Time division multiple access (TDMA) Each user has given the full spectral occupancy to the channel, but only for less time interval. Buffers zones are used as guard times inserted between the assigned time slots. This is done to decrease interference between users by permitting for time uncertainty that arises due to system inadequacies. C. Code division multiple access (CDMA) The main Drawback of FDMA and TDMA is that only one subscriber at a time is assigned to a channel. No other conversation can access this channel until the subscriber s call is finished or until that original call is handed off to a different channel by the system. The above drawback is overcome in this third technique. CDMA systems utilize the spread spectrum technique, whereby a spreading code (called a pseudo-random noise or PN code) is used to allow multiple users to share a block of frequency spectrum. Detailed Description of How CDMA work is explained below. 3. How CDMA works? With CDMA, unique digital codes, rather than separate radio frequencies or channels, are used to distinguish subscribers. The codes are used by both the mobile company and the base station, that codes are called pseudo-Random Code Sequences. CDMA is a spread spectrum technology, which means that it spreads the information contained in a particular signal of interest over a much greater bandwidth than the original signal. CDMA uses Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum (DSSS) technology. In DSSS technology, Signal is transmitted by adding random data-bits called chip. This addition is done by the direct sequence transmitters. Now signal contains both, a useful signal and a signal that appears to be interference (the chips) is transmitted. The receiver easily identifies the chips and subtracts them, leaving only the useful signal. This means that original signal is spread over several frequencies simultaneously. This can deliver secure communication such that the transmitted signal can not be detected or recognized easily by unwanted listeners. It can discard interference whether it is the unintentional interference by another user simultaneously trying to transmit through the channel, or the intentional interference trying to j am the transmission. In TDMA, the original call is transmitted at 9600 bps (9.6 kbps) but when put on the CDMA, the call is spread over a 1.23 Mbps bandwidth, so it can be transmitted at a higher speed. Unique codes are applied to the data bits that make up the telephone call for a particular user. The cellular telephone receiving the call takes off the data codes and the call is converted back to its original 9600 bps. The use of these data codes enables CDMA systems to differentiate data bits from many different calls in the cell. CDMA networks use a scheme called soft handoff, which minimizes signal breakup as a handset passes from one cell to another. The combination of digital and spread-spectrum modes supports several times as many signals per unit bandwidth as analog modes. CDMA is compatible with other cellular technologies, this allows for nationwide roaming. 4. Factors affecting CDMA functionality Although CDMA does not have some capacity limitation, no maximum number of calls per single, wide band-width channel is established. The number of calls that a channel can accommodate is based on 3 factors. A. Total bandwidth B. Geographical coverage C. Quality of sound ? The available bandwidth can be increased by decreasing the quality of sound or the area covered by network. ? Channels that primarily carry voice conversation do not use the extra capacity required to deliver CD-quality sound. So, more bandwidth is available to provide longer transmission distance or to accommodate more cellular calls. ? Suppose there are 2N users that only talk half of the time then they can be accommodated with the same average bandwidth as N users that talk all of the time. 5. Types of CDMA Some of the types of CDMA transmission are as under A. Composite CDMA/TDMA B. CDMA C. cdmaOne D. cdma2000 A. Composite CDMA/TDMA It is Wireless technology that uses both CDMA and TDMA. It is used for large-cell licensed band and small-cell unlicensed band applications. It uses CDMA between cells and TDMA within cells. B. CDMA CDMA is characterized by high capacity and small cell radius, employing spread-spectrum technology and a special coding scheme. C. cdmaOne cdmaOne is the first generation narrowband CDMA. It is also called IS-95. D. Cdma2000 This includes 1XRTT CDMA standard. That is designed to double current voice capacity and support always-on data transmission speeds 10 times faster than typically available today. 6. Advantages of CDMA A. Capacity: The capacity of CDMA currently is 8 to 10 times greater than AMPS which uses FDMA transmission (and predicted to be 20 to 40 times greater in future) and 4 to 5 times greater than GSM which uses TDMA transmission (with prediction of being up to 13 times greater). B. Best for in built system and micro-cell. As in CDMA transmission, we do not need SIM card it is best for in-built system and micro-cell. C. Improves the voice quality. CDMA systems use precise power control that is, the base station sends commands to every mobile phone currently involved in a call, turning down the power on the nearby ones, and increasing the power of those further away. The result is a nice; even noise level across the carrier, with lower overall power levels and no spiky interference. D. Improves the telephone traffic capacity. E. It also provides Call privacy. F. Easily planned and maintained in comparison with FDMA TDMA 7. Disadvantage of CDMA The only disadvantage of installing CDMA system is the cost of the base station with its complex communication equipments. A CDMA base station costs approximately $150,000, while a similar station for TDMA costs approximately $50,000. 8. Referenced Books A. Business Data Communication Fourth edition By Shelly Cashman Serwatka B. COMPUTER NETWORKS, 3rd Edition By Andrew S. Tanenbaum 9. Referenced websites A. www.scsite.com B. www.wikipedia.com C. www.wisegeek.com D. www.palowireless.com E. www.indiastudychannel.com

Conflict Resolution in Office Romance Essay

Conflict is inevitable. It is a normal way of life. How we as individuals perceive each other depends on our ability to effectively resolve problems and how we cope with managing change. Some of us are unable to adapt to change therefore, it is expected that conflict will occasionally occur. There are different types of conflict that occur in our daily lives as well as in the workplace. However, the topic I choose to discuss as part of this conflict resolution paper is office romance that causes conflict. As we all are aware office romance is very common today in our society. It is no secret that people often find love on the job. There is a level of comfort and closeness that we share with our subordinates that we sometimes tend to fall in love with them. Office romance is dependent on a number of factors. Office romance can have both positive and negative effects on the working environment as well as work performance. It can cause conflict in the workplace, especially if it is a supervisor-subordinate relationship. It can affect the productivity of employees and may lead to sexual harassment and other claims. It can make co-workers uncomfortable and it can be dangerous because it can lead to conflict within the organization. Accusations of favoritism may occur and it may hinder the work performance of the parties involved as well as the co-workers. After analyzing the office romance that took place within the organization and the impact on which it had on employees, the recommended course of action to resolve the actual conflict that will make a difference to the future performance of the organization is to educate the employees on the issue of office romance. Develop a policy that declares what managers expect when it comes to office romance. The parties that are involved give them options such as disclosing the relationship to their boss and deciding who will leave the job if it gets too tough to handle and the parties do not want to terminate the relationship. Explain to them the actions that management will take if they do not solve the issue themselves. Enforce the rules on sexual harassment and office romance. Although, management cannot prohibit office romance, there are steps that they can take to ensure that it does not become a problem in the workplace, thus hiring a consultant that will help solve the issue is a good idea.

The Definition of Popular Culture in Sociology

Popular culture (or pop culture) refers in general to the traditions and material culture of a particular society. In the modern West, pop culture refers to cultural products such as music, art, literature, fashion, dance, film, cyberculture, television, and radio that are consumed  by the majority of a societys population. Popular culture is those types of media that have mass accessibility and appeal. The term popular culture was coined in the mid-19th century, and it referred to the cultural traditions of the people, in contrast to the official culture of the state or governing classes. In broad use today, it is defined in qualitative terms—pop culture is often considered a more superficial or lesser type of artistic expression. The Rise of Popular Culture Scholars trace the origins of the  rise of popular culture to the creation of the middle class generated by the Industrial Revolution. People who were configured into working classes and moved into urban environments far from their traditional farming life began creating their own culture to share with their co-workers, as a part of separating from their parents and bosses. After the end of World War II, innovations in mass media led to significant cultural and social changes in the west. At the same time, capitalism, specifically the need to generate profits, took on the role of marketing: newly invented goods were being marketed to different classes. The meaning of popular culture then began to merge with that of mass culture, consumer culture, image culture,  media culture, and culture created by manufacturers for mass consumption. Different Definitions of Popular Culture In his wildly successful textbook Cultural Theory and Popular Culture (now in its 8th edition), British media specialist John Storey offers six different definitions of popular culture. Popular culture is simply culture that is widely favored or well-liked by many people: it has no negative connotations.Popular culture is whatever is left after youve identified what high culture is: in this definition, pop culture is considered inferior, and it functions as a marker of status and class.Pop culture can be defined as commercial objects that are produced for mass consumption by non-discriminating consumers. In this definition, popular culture is a tool used by the elites to suppress or take advantage of the masses.Popular culture is folk culture, something that arises from the people rather than imposed upon them: pop culture is authentic (created by the people) as opposed to commercial (thrust upon them by commercial enterprises).Pop culture is negotiated: partly imposed on by the dominant classes, and partly resisted or changed by the subordinate classes. Dominants can create culture but the subordinates decide what they keep or discard.The last definition of pop cul ture discussed by Storey is that in the postmodern world, in todays world, the distinction between authentic versus commercial is blurred. In pop culture today, users are free to embrace some manufactured content, alter it for their own use, or reject it entirely and create their own. Popular Culture: You Make the Meaning All six of Storeys definitions are still in use, but they seem to change depending on the context. Since the turn of the 21st century, mass media—the way pop culture is delivered—has changed so dramatically that scholars are finding it difficult to establish how they function. As recently as 20 years ago, mass media meant only print (newspapers and books), broadcast (televisions and radio), and cinema (movies and documentaries). Today, it embraces an enormous variety of social media and forms. To a large degree, popular culture is today something established by niche users. What is mass communication moving forward? Commercial products such as music are considered popular even when the audience is tiny, in comparison to such pop icons as Britney Spears and Michael Jackson. The presence of social media means consumers can speak directly to producers—and are producers themselves, turning the concept of pop culture on its head. So, in a sense, popular culture has gone back to its simplest meaning: It is what a lot of people like. Sources and Further Reading Fiske, John. Understanding Popular Culture, 2nd ed. London: Routledge, 2010.Gans, Herbert. Popular Culture and High Culture: An Analysis and Evaluation Of Taste. New York: Basic Books, 1999.McRobbie, Angela, ed. Postmodernism and Popular Culture. London: Routledge, 1994.Storey, John. Cultural Theory and Popular Culture, 8th ed. New York: Routledge, 2019.

Online Education - 1381 Words

Online Education Education is an important part of peoples lives; it will either make them or break them in the future depending on the careers they choose. Education is greatly diverse today in comparison to the 1950s because of advancements in teaching and other great inventions that provide easier techniques of teaching. One major issue that has been raised is distant learning courses and online education. Distant learning could be any format from VHS videos, DVDs, or internet courses online. Online education has been legal since 1993 and is a new way of teaching students of all ages. Online education has been gaining popularity through out the years because of the ease of the internet. The internet has made it easier for people to†¦show more content†¦For example, a child of a farmer can help the family out in the morning with the farming chores then go to an online class later on. Rural kids may also take additional educational classes online that their school does not provide. Children in the movie industry may also take online courses to keep up with their studies while on the road filming movies. Hillary Duff takes online course while she films. As the price of education continues to rise, the rate of students applying for online educational classes will continue to get greater. The price for a unit at Long Beach City College is $26 and the price per unit will continue to rise as long as there is a deficit in Californias budget. Online courses provide a cheaper alternative for schools that have a problem with their budget and actual classroom space. Teachers can also record themselves and the student can download the film if they miss the session. This gives a student the chance to catch up on a class session if he missed out on that day. In 2002, 12 of the 55 National Geographic Bees were homeschoolers meaning that courses than at home can provide a great teaching environment. Students do not have to put up with bad influences from regular schooling and help build their own identity without social pressures that traditional schooling may have. Some students may also earn their high school degree faster then their peers. While the pros are stated some cons areShow MoreRelatedOnline Education And Online Schools946 Words   |  4 Pagestypes of schools starting with online and public. How would someone know which one to choose? While some believe the quality of online education isn’t as good as a regular school’s, online school is just as effective or more and should be continued as a teaching resource because online students are getting higher test scores and more options are offered by online schools. One of the reasons why online school is more effective than regular school is by cause of online students have shown higher testingRead MoreOnline Discussion Of Online Education1303 Words   |  6 Pagesdiscussion of online education in philosophy, there would sometimes come a rather curious moment in the conversation. I began to think of it as the â€Å"microwave question moment.† Many years ago, when microwave ovens first were advertised, there was a rather clever ad depicting a salesperson standing in front of a crowd of people, going on and on about all the wonderful advantages of microwave cooking, until a deep voice from the back spoke up with: â€Å"But does it brown the food?† Online course deliveryRead MoreOnline Education Essay712 Words   |  3 PagesOnline Education Online learning is definitely one of the newest and fastest moving industries; more and more students are opting to getting their degree this way instead of going to a land college, mostly due to the convenience of the schedule, where before a full time employee, could not fit schooling into their schedule, but they are finding out now that they can do this through the online environment, so they are utilizing this alternative way of achieving their higher education. Yet, the onlineRead MoreBenefits Of Online Education1136 Words   |  5 PagesOnline classes have become a more popular source for learning in the education system over the past couple of years. In the technology based world lived in today this is no surprise, it seems that everything is turning from human performed to technology based. The technology based world lived in has good and bad consequences, with technology based classes the need for teachers in the classroom teaching the material is declining. Along with j obs declining, many argue online learning may not be providingRead MoreTraditional Education And Online Education926 Words   |  4 PagesBatter, Online or Traditional Education Imagine that someone studies and has a neighbor in the same age. They study in together until high school. Someone continues to go to university but his neighbor decides to stay at home. They finally graduate and discover that his neighbor also graduate. Here will be there a lot of the questions beginning revolve in his head. How does his neighbor graduate and not go to school? The answer is an easy. His neighbor benefited from technology in education. This isRead MoreOnline Learning And Online Education1115 Words   |  5 Pagesdefinitely been absorbed into the education world. When one mixes technology and education, online learning is brought to life. Many believe that going to school online is a fabulous invention, because online classrooms can bring education to anyone, in any place imaginable. Some also argue that online classes can be more affordable than taking classes in the traditional classroom. Although a large number of American students believe that online learning is a valuable education tool, numerous research studiesRead MoreOnline Education Vs. Education1303 Words   |  6 PagesA Current trend that is occurring within the field of education is online education. The purpose of an online education is to allow student to receive a degree without having to be present or on campus. Online education helps working adults pursue higher education and gives them better career opportunities. It will also help people increase their lifetime earnings, Online education also helps to connect with people we would have never dreamed of interacting with it also gives students opportunitiesRead MoreOnline Education Vs Traditional Education1068 Words   |  5 PagesOn-Line Education versus Traditional Education Introduction/Thesis Online education has rapidly become a popular alternative to traditional education, due to the flexible nature of the courses and also the fact that the online learning environment may not require additional expenses. However, some people find traditional learning to be more advantageous than online learning. The traditional learning environment provides some people with more support throughout their scholastic career. When lookingRead MoreBenefits Of Online Education901 Words   |  4 Pagesgetting education and degrees online. A few years ago online education was never thinkable, and yet it has become to reality and it is widely expanding with popularity. Online education is a type of educational instruction that delivers learning to individuals to their own homes, and it is getting very popular among nontraditional student and others. Individuals prefer online education because they find it comfortable and better at their own house. To further more, some advantages of online ed ucationRead More Online Education Essay1378 Words   |  6 Pages Online Education Education is an important part of people’s lives; it will either make them or break them in the future depending on the careers they choose. Education is greatly diverse today in comparison to the 1950s because of advancements in teaching and other great inventions that provide easier techniques of teaching. One major issue that has been raised is distant learning courses and online education.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Distant learning could be any format from VHS videos, DVDs, or internet courses