The Contemporary International System Free Essays

The Contemporary International System The structure of the contemporary worldwide framework includes a wide range of variables that impact how the world works today. The global framework is characterized as the investigation of the cooperations among the different on-screen characters that take part in universal governmental issues, including states, worldwide associations, nongovernmental associations, sub-national elements, and people. The investigation of worldwide relations expects to assess how nations connect inside the political and social universal framework. We will compose a custom paper test on The Contemporary International System or on the other hand any comparative subject just for you Request Now Factors, for example, mechanical change, movements of national force and different changes in the earth impact today’s framework and how we live on an everyday premise. History is another factor that must be perceived in the forming of the world framework. Occasions that happened in the nineteenth and twentieth hundreds of years have an incredible effect today, as we can make future projections dependent on verifiable patterns. The activity and structure of the worldwide framework includes different social and political variables that shape the world we live in today. The molding of the contemporary framework was accomplished through the idea of globalization. This thought is regularly alluded to as the â€Å"shrinkage of the world† and has been made conceivable through the progression in present day innovation. Globalization is the procedure by which territorial economies, social orders, and societies have gotten coordinated through a worldwide system of political thoughts. Today, a nation’s mechanical capacity is the primary marker of its capacity. Innovation straightforwardly influences a nation’s monetary development however advancement. This development at that point permits that nation to create military weapons for assurance and might lose the level of influence between states. Innovation and advancement can likewise decide a nation’s exchange limit, which can restrict the sum a nation can import and fare. A country with incredible exchange abilities will encounter universal budgetary streams into their nation, consequently animating financial development. Innovation gives a structure to both the family member and total force among states and enormously impacts the structure of the universal framework. For instance, in the event that we assess the relationship of intensity and innovation from the beginning of time, we see that the United States and Germany experienced sensational changes in their worldwide position following the second mechanical insurgency, similarly as Great Britain had following the principal modern unrest. These forces have since neglected to keep up their place at the cutting edge of mechanical advancement, and have blurred from the worldwide scene. Nations like Japan have been innovatively exceptional throughout the previous 50 years and have moved to the cutting edge of the global scene. The worldwide scene that was once overwhelmed by the United States, may have another force due to Japan’s huge mechanical and creative abilities. Organizations have additionally globalized, as they are presently ready to communicate with organizations abroad with the snap of a catch. Since movement has become â€Å"easy† organizations are currently ready to meet up close and personal with their worldwide accomplices all the time. There are legitimate traditions that individuals must follow while taking part in remote strategic policies. For instance, the trading of business cards is a conventional practice in nations like China and Japan. Outside business partners may consider it to be an indication of insolence in the event that one isn't instructed on the correct traditions of that nation. The structure and activity of the global framework is likewise affected by the practices of the entertainers inside that framework. For a considerable length of time, the possibility of the â€Å"state† was focused upon the possibility of incorporation and rejection. This thought turned into the highlight of national legislative issues for quite a long time and is a significant purpose behind clashes inside the framework. After the French Revolution these states were framed on the three belief systems of authenticity, progressivism, and vision. Karen Mingst and Jack Snyder characterize these belief systems and clarify the suppositions behind the shortcomings that lead to misinformed approaches. Authenticity imparts a valuation for the job of intensity yet cautions that states will endure in the event that they exceed. The collaboration among states is an approach to amplify every individual state’s security and regularly calls for â€Å"backing† during times of contention. World War II takes after a pragmatist thought as each state was attracted to battle to amplify its own security. Progressivism distinguishes the potential for majority rules systems, yet additionally takes note of that popular governments can prompt oppressive regimes and the danger of a savage breakdown. This emerged after World War I because of the powerlessness to control and cutoff war inside the global framework. Finally, Idealism focuses on that a state’s values must strengthen any stable political request however perceives that there is likewise a potential for strife. Together these three viewpoints structure the center of the contemporary global framework. So as to completely comprehend the contemporary global framework, we should initially comprehend the recorded patterns in the state and worldwide framework. Worldwide Relations can be followed back to the Peace of Westphalia in 1648 where the advanced state framework was created. This initiated the idea of sway, which is characterized as total and unending influence put resources into a region. This force doesn't exist in an individual, yet in a state. In this, the pioneers are restricted by divine law and are â€Å"subject to the laws of God and nature. † This conviction is as yet held today and adherents trait the authenticity of the state to the assent of the individuals. All things considered, the â€Å"people† are the principal the wellspring of all political force. Taking everything into account, the contemporary universal framework was molded based on globalization, the practices of the entertainers inside the worldwide framework, and the assessment of authentic examples. The world is continually changing and developing toward an increasingly associated populace. The far reaching utilization of web-based social networking and proceeded with progresses in innovation permit the populace to interface with one another as though they were sitting in a similar room. As we advance toward this new time, we should distinguish these authentic examples so as to additionally improve our future global relations. The most effective method to refer to The Contemporary International System, Essay models

Experiential Analysis Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Experiential Analysis - Assignment Example The association, Med life, a little organization in Jeddah City, Saudi Arabia offers medicinal services administrations to patients and others who are needing clinical assistance. It is a wellbeing association engaged with dealing with wiped out patients brought into the clinical focus, guaranteeing that they get the best consideration that can be agreed to them, lastly guaranteeing that the conditions where they live in are favorable and clean. Medications life has a director whose job is to guarantee that the tasks of the clinical focus are productive without any issues. The administrator is in direct correspondence with the secretary and the budgetary right hand. The secretary has the job of guaranteeing that all the information of all patients is appropriately reported and recorded to stay away from the loss of critical information particularly quiet data. The money related collaborator guarantees that every monetary record that identify with quiet consideration are appropriately saved for simple recovery and responsibility. In addition, he likewise investigates the productivity of the association so as to maintain a strategic distance from liquidation. Investigation Gender can be portrayed as being socially and mentally developed through the family, social just as instructive settings. The job of sexual orientation in working environment correspondence has been talked about a great deal before and the investigations show that people have totally different methods of conveying. In the time that I went through at Med time on earth I understood that the male associates would in general be forceful and consistently appeared to be instructing during correspondence. From inquire about, I understood that correspondence that is prove by male associates in the work environment is a lot of forcefulness, the propensity to hinder others when they are talking, and the inclination to attempt to shroud their feelings when imparting. The male sexual orientation is describ ed with the traits of solidarity, intensity, hazard taking, and freedom in the entirety of their correspondences (Barrett and Davidson, 2006). As indicated by transformative brain science contemplates, men convey forcefully, intrude on others during discussions, and attempt such a great amount to conceal their feelings. These three angles are helpful in mate determination and it is inescapable for men to dodge this subconscious want even in a conference (Mian, 2013). In the association, ladies partners were for the most part passionate individuals and this is very much exemplified by an episode that happened once in the association. A kindred female associate was overpowered by her obligations in the organization and at home. True to form she imparted her emotions to an associate and she clarified that she probably won't stay aware of the weight. The chief who caught this discussion accepted that the female specialist was lazing near and should forgo talking about close to home issu es during working hours. From look into, ladies are described as extremely passionate and along these lines will in general take part in expressive talks and this includes the propensity to set up closeness and closeness and construct understanding just as compassion through their correspondence. As per Babcock (2003), â€Å"Women regularly stress more than men over the effect their activities will have on their connections. This can provoke them to change their conduct to ensure individual associations, now and again by requesting things by implication, once in a while by requesting short of what they truly need, and some of the time attempting to be all the more meriting what

Carnival

Carnival Last night, we went to a carnival that was sponsored by the Undergraduate Association (UA), Panhellenic Association (Panhel), Dormitory Council (DormCon), Interfraternity Council (IFC), SaveTFP (love your beaver!), Living Group Council (LGC), and Lesbian, Bisexual, Gay, and Transgender (LBGT) groups. (There could be more sponsors that Im forgetting.) Gabe 08, my suitemate from San Antonio, TX, returned to campus today, just in time to try and knock down a fat cat. Its really hard to throw this wiffle ball into the octagon hexagon (see comment below) without letting it bounce out. Damn game. Everybody loves dunk tanks. Unfortunately, there werent any Nobel Prize winners in this one. Does anyone else see the resemblance? just throwing it out there Sam and Gabe put on velcro suits and then thrust themselves onto a large complementary velcro wall. (Heres an interesting article from the Lemelson-MIT program about how parents and their children rank the most important inventions. Velcro is in the consumer goods section.) Mini golf. Human bowling. Jousting. The obligatory Tim the Beaver picture. Gabe and Sam sumo wrestled each other. Aero Disastro Course 16.5, also known as MIT Student Juggling Origamit, Paperfolding at MIT LBGT button-making Warning: this part is going to start off happy, and end depressing. DormCon sponsored an area at which you threw something into something and your prize was a goldfish. After I performed the aforementioned task, I went over to the cooler and received my prize from Ian 06. As I was walking away, Sam asked, Whats his name? I thought he meant the person who handed me the goldfish, so I said, Oh, thats Ian Brelinsky. Sam actually was referring to the goldfish, so we decided to name the fish Ian Brelinsky in honor of Ian 06. I guess I have led a very sheltered childhood, since I didnt know that carnival goldfish dont live very long. I joked that I would release Ian Brelinsky into the Charles River so he could live longer, but then we decided that our sink water was probably healthier. Here I am with Ian 06 and Ian Brelinsky 0fish Unfortunately, at 12:40 PM we noticed that Ian Brelinsky was no longer alive. Sam offered to dispose of him for me. Hmm, urinal or toilet? *sniff* I dont want to end on such a tragic note, so I will leave you with this: Tree trunks get so postered that we resort to taping flyers to leaves.

Overpopulation State Of Debate - 2012 Words

Overpopulation State of debate Should governments fine people who have too many biological children in order to reduce environmental damage due to overpopulation? Introduction If someone told your parent they were being fined by the government because you had an abundance of sisters and brothers, how would you feel? On the other side of things, what if you found out your brothers and sisters contributed to environment issues? Statistics draw to the fact that the world is becoming overpopulated and that our actions today affect the future generations. Some agree due to statistics and increasing issues with the world population growing. Some argue that it affects their autonomy and overall happiness. Some also would agree that it comes†¦show more content†¦In addition to that, over time we will be adding in several billions of citizens. Each one of those people produce emissions. If that continues, we are not successfully setting up future generations for success. There are many problems that having many children can affect the environment and the future of mankind. Adding to that challenge, the world is expected to add several billion people in th e next few decades, each one producing more emissions. The situation is bleak, it s just dark, he says. Population engineering, maybe it s an extreme move. But it gives us a chance† (Ludden, 1). The question is, how could we as a whole persuade billions of people around the world to do this? This would require educating women and families on fertility and the outcomes it produces to the environment. Contraception would need to be more accessible and other agencies and groups would need to expand. Duty to conserve resources As a whole, we all have a duty to ensure future generations happiness. â€Å"We have a duty to conserve resources. At current rates, we will use up the known reserves of fossil fuels and uranium within two hundred years. Wasting theses resources, especially when known technology can increase efficiency, so that we can conserve without significant sacrifice of convenience, denies people of the future a fair opportunity to attain a lifestyle commensurate with our own† (Desjardins, 85). If people were to beShow MoreRelatedHuman Overpopulation1505 Words   |  7 PagesThe topic of overpopulation has different perspectives regarding whether or not it is happening as well as its apparent effects of both the environment and its inhabitants. The idea of human overpopulation being a problem most clearly begins around the time of Thomas Robert Malthus’ publishing of An Essay on the Principle of Population as It Affects the Future Improvement of Society, with Remarks on the Specu lations of Mr. Godwin, M. Condorcet, and Other Writers. In his writing, Malthus describesRead MoreOverpopulation Is A Foremost Challenge That Humans Face Today1431 Words   |  6 PagesA Debate over Overpopulation Overpopulation is a foremost challenge that humans face today. According to www.Worldometeres.info, the human population is heading to 7.5 billion, and at our current birthrate, we are adding nearly one billion more people every twelve years. Issues such as dependence on natural resources, degradation of the environment, poverty, and unemployment, are root issues caused by overpopulation. Though opponents of this theory, such as Erle C. Ellis, use archaeological recordsRead MoreThe Effects Of Human Overpopulation On The Environment1242 Words   |  5 PagesThe Effects of Human Overpopulation on the Environment â€Å"Can one apple slice feed the world?† If the world were an apple, farmland would only be one very thin slice. The growing population on this Earth has some serious questions that it needs to consider as a whole. How are we all going to eat with eight billion mouths to eat? Farmers have an interesting proposition, they need to feed a growing population with very little land. Overpopulation also has negative effects on the earth through pollutionRead MoreOverpopulation Is A Catastrophe?841 Words   |  4 Pagesexperienced enormous changes in the people number. These changes have boomed considerably and have converted to overpopulation. Currently, the global population is 7 billion, and the increase rate is 1.3% annually that means by the end of the twenty-first century the population will reach twelve billion (Keenan, 2013). Therefore, there is a huge debate going on right now regarding overpopulation. For some people, explosion in population has no detrimental impacts in the future, and it will be bearableRead MoreOverpopulation Is A Major Challenge That Humans Face Today1199 Words   |  5 Pages Overpopulation is a major challenge that humans face today. The human population is close to 8 billion, and at our current birthrate, we are adding nearly one billion more people every 12 years. Issues such as dependence of natural resources, degradation of the environment, poverty, and unemployment, are root causes of overpopulation. Though opponents of this theory, such as Erle C. Ellis uses archeological records, and the history of human evolution to argue against overpopulation. Robert WalkerRead MoreOverpopulation And The Problem Of Overpopulation1747 Words   |  7 PagesOverpopulation Programs There are many organizations that deal with the problem of overpopulation or problems related to the effects of overpopulation such as environmental effects. Some of the organizations that I found related to this topic are the United Nations Population Fund, a group called Population Matters, another group called the World Population Balance and the Center for Biological Diversity. All of these groups deal with the issue of overpopulation and the effects that overpopulationRead MoreA Great Matter Of Concern Today Or Just A Bust?1667 Words   |  7 Pages â€Æ' A Great Matter of Concern Today or Just a Bust? While India is on the verge of being the most populated country. While the third world countries are deprived of their resources rapidly. People in the United States have to say that the problem of over population has been curbed and infant production rate controlled. Recently, one of the commentators in prominent U.S. publication declared that the population boom is a bust. Whether it is actually a bust nowRead MoreOverpopulation : The Better Or For The Worst?1547 Words   |  7 PagesOverpopulation: for the better or for the worst? There are currently seven million people inhabiting earth. By 2050, it is predicted that population will reach up to 10.63 billion and by 2300 it is predicted to be 36.44 billion. In less than 300 years, population will grow by more than 30 billion people. The earth is meant to hold about six billion people and since humans have already already exceeded its limit, it is crucial for strong actions to take place in order to prevent overpopulation orRead MoreAdopt and Save a Life Essay1553 Words   |  7 Pagesdog has had. Studies show that more animals in the United States are being euthanized every day due to the fact of overpopulation of animals, serious injury or diseases, puppy mills and natural disasters. According to the Humane Society of the United States, they estimated that in 2013, animal shelters care for about six to eight million dogs and cats every year, of this approximately three to four million are euthanized (Pet Overpopulation). This stated would mean that about one animal every eightRead MoreThe Causes of World Hunger1658 Words   |  7 Pages For the uninformed, the cause of world hunger might seem to be quite obvious, because the concept of hunger is ostensibly simple; being hungry means a lack of food, so world hunger must be caused either by a lack of food on a global scale or overpopulation. Put another way, the easy answer to the question of world hunger is to suggest that there is either too little food or too many people, but in reality, neither of these scenarios prove to be the case. Instead, research has shown that human beings

A Comparison Of The 1991 Gulf War - 1623 Words

In order to facilitate the discussion of newspapers’ framing of the recent US military strike in Syria, it is necessary to look at similar foreign policy event - news coverage of the 1991 Gulf War - that serves as a reference to compare the news frames in both stories. To the contrary of Ivengar’s findings, according to which television news coverage of the Gulf War of 1991 was heavily episodic oriented (more than 75 percentage), the study in this paper has found that more than half of the examined newspaper articles (56 percent in The New York Times and 59 percent in the USA Today) about the US military strike in Syria consist of a thematic frame. There are several possible explanations for the difference in the news framing of two†¦show more content†¦Given these circumstances, television news outlets were unable to produce war footage and broadcast them in their 24-hours news cycles while print journalists have to relied even more on thematic framing in their coverage. Thirdly and related to former point, the two US military interventions differ in size, scope, form and length of time. While the military operation to liberate Kuwait from Iraqi occupation in 1991 consisted of extensive military preparations and the invasion of a foreign country, the missile strike against a Syrian regime airfield was a an operation of a few hours, using only unmanned cruise missile against a single target. As a result, there was simply not enough time to assign correspondents to the ground, who often tend frame events in wars episodically. More generally, perhaps due to the lack of access to the ground operations, journalists, particularly those working for newspaper, were able to cover this foreign policy event predominately thematic as opposed to the first Gulf War. The difference in the media alone cannot account for the large number of thematic oriented articles in both newspapers about the US missile strike on Syria. Many articles extended their thematic coverage to topics such as the fight against ISIS, the complexity of shifting alliances within the fractured armed opposition in Syria and the involvement other states and actorsShow MoreRelatedCultural Awareness Of Saudi Arabia1101 Words   |  5 PagesCultural Awareness Of Saudi Arabia By: SGT Farrier, Benjamin W. 13B30 ALC Class 507-17 SGL: SSG Avendano, Allan 12MAY2017  Saudi Arabia, located in the middle east, takes up most of the Arabian Peninsula. This deeply rooted country, in comparison to Western culture, is different in many ways. Culture is defined as a civilization s way of life, their beliefs, morals, laws, and customs. Similarly to how American citizens follow the rules and regulations laid out in the constitution, theRead MoreThe Gulf War And Its Effects On Character Portrayal1028 Words   |  5 PagesThe Gulf War and Its Effects on Character Portrayal in â€Å"Aladdin† Background Knowledge In the year 1992 Aladdin was released by Disney, making it one of the fastest growing films. The movie is based off of a young thief whom seeks a better life in Agrhaba, a city that very much resembles those of Arab countries. Aladdin ironically was being produced â€Å"during the 1991 Gulf War under the Bush administration. The war lasted six months. It was conflict between Iraq and 34 countries in the U.N., includingRead MoreThe Defense Of Defense : The Supreme Commander Of The Armed Forces1359 Words   |  6 PagesMinister of Defense. The security forces assigned for public duties are under the command of the Interior Minister. In 1993, the Defense Minister, Ali as Sabah as Salim Al Sabah, was deployed at another department than Interior Ministry after the Gulf War. The ultimate power in the state lies with the ruling family. Before the invasion of Iraq, the strength of Kuwaiti army was 16,000 officers and soldiers. The formations that took part in principal combat consisted of three armored brigades. It alsoRead MoreContainment Policy : A Strategy For The Middle East1619 Words   |  7 Pagesestablished by George Bush Sr. after the Gulf War is the most viable option for the United States when deciding how to stabilize the Middle East. A political strategy of containment strictly sustains the status quo, and is inexpensive in terms of blood, money, and political capital. Furthering the United States’ containment policy in the context of Iraq will halter the making of nuclear, biological, and chemical weapons, ensuring the free flow of oil from the Gulf, while preventing Iraq from threateningRead More The Persian Gulf War Essay example3203 Words   |  13 PagesIntroduction Wars have been apart of this world almost as long as anything else has. Even in the Bible days there are records of wars. There are many reasons that states choose to go to war. Sometimes it is for the expansion of a nation or state, other times it is for financial gains, and it also could be for security or defense purposes. Whatever the case may be, wars have been apart of human life and will always be. There were no differences when it came to the Persian Gulf War. This war involved theRead MoreEssay about The Persian Gulf War3279 Words   |  14 PagesIntroduction Wars have been apart of this world almost as long as anything else has. Even in the Bible days there are records of wars. There are many reasons that states choose to go to war. Sometimes it is for the expansion of a nation or state, other times it is for financial gains, and it also could be for security or defense purposes. Whatever the case may be, wars have been apart of human life and will always be. There were no differences when it came to the Persian Gulf War. This war involved theRead MoreDomestic Political State Of The Nation, Technological Advances, And Doctrinal Changes1511 Words   |  7 PagesThe Evolution of the Cost of War Analyzed through the Domestic Political State of the Nation, Technological Advances, and Doctrinal Changes Politics can be defined as the practice of influencing people through the exercise of power. The main way to control a person or a group of people is to control their finances. This is why the economy of the United States is so important. Without control of its finances, the nation is unable to exercise control internally or over other nations. There have beenRead MoreAmerica an Apostle for Justice and a Combatant of Terrorism1391 Words   |  6 Pagestreat war as a sporting event, believing they are going to war with the only objective being to win, and forgetting objectives consistent with their nation’s own self-interest. Nations do go to war, but structured war objectives are usually limited to a nationÊ ¼s foreign and economic policy and the objectives then stem from self-interest. Nations go to war to gain territory, protect markets, or to gain resources, not just to triumph villainous forces. World War 1: Summary: A bloody war thatRead MoreThe Containment Policy Established By George W. Bush After The Gulf War1604 Words   |  7 Pages The Containment Policy established by George W. Bush after the Gulf War is the most viable option for the United States. The Containment Policy strictly sustains the status quo, and is inexpensive in terms of blood, money, and political capital.The Containment Policy will halter the making of nuclear, biological and chemical weapons and will ensure free oil flow from the Gulf, while preventing Iraq from threatening its neighbors. For this reason, a political strategy of containment is comparativelyRead MoreShould the United States have Mandatory Military Conscription?966 Words   |  4 Pagesconscription or a â€Å"draft† was in effect. The United States, up until the Civil War, rarely kept nor desired a standing Army. Relying on individual state militia’s, the forerunner of today’s National Guard, was the norm for supplying a fighting f orce when needed. Nonetheless the only major conflict between the Civil War and the first Persian Gulf War that did not have compulsory military service was the Spanish American war. (Bandow 1) The inequity of the Union draft requirement instituted by Congress

Information Privacy Security TJX Data Breach Crisis and Lessons Free Essays

Introduction Protecting the privacy of consumer personal information continues to pose significant challenges for organisations. The complexity is aggravated by consumers’ vulnerability that comes about when they are unable to control the usage of personal information they share with business organisations. Given the importance of information privacy, there has been a host of privacy research focusing on the organisational decisions regarding the use and reuse of consumer personal information (Schwartz, 2009; Greenaway and Chan, 2005). We will write a custom essay sample on Information Privacy Security: TJX Data Breach Crisis and Lessons or any similar topic only for you Order Now Culnan et al (2008) observes that the emerging decentralisation of technology environment has posed additional privacy challenge: data breaches. Currently, it is only the United States that requires organisations to give formal notice in the event of data breach (Morley, 2014). European Union and its member countries are yet to establish any legal requirements for organisations to notify consumers of any data breach, thereby leaving such eventuality at the fate of an organisation’s management. Without any notification laws, data breaches remain private and under the discretion of the affected organization. Therefore, this paper focuses on one of the most prominent data security breaches that the world has ever witnessed: TJX data privacy breach crisis, in the context of, ethical principles and theories, legal, professional and social issues. . The Information Privacy Concept According to Xu et al. (2008), the concept of information privacy is multidimensional in nature and is largely dependent on the context as well as personal experiences. Although others see information privacy as full of definition ambiguity (Schwartz, 2009), others have defined consumer personal information as being made up of data generated when consumers conduct transactions. The problems of privacy often emerge from how this consumer information is stored, analysed, used, or shared (FTC, 2008). Information on how to address problems related to privacy management is limited due to minimal research in the area, particularly those issues dealing with management responsibilities on social issues. For example, there is limited research on how organisations should deal with consumers’ personal identifiable information, the role of managers in the protecting the consumer data and the moral duty of every party involved in the handling or accessing consumer data. Overview of TJX Data Breach TJX is a US-based off-price retailer operating over 2,400 stores in various countries and regions including US, Puerto Rico, Canada, and Europe. In the network of stores, the retailer collects and store customer information that would authorize purchases via payment cards, personal cheques , and processing of merchandise returned without a receipt. This violated the legal requirement that prohibits any business from retaining sensitive consumer card information, including the magnetic strips on credit cards (Smedinghoff and Hamady, 2008). In addition, the breach exposed TJX’s failure to observe basic ethical and professional principles. The revelation emerged when in 2007 TJX issued a press release stating that criminals had intruded their data system and stolen over 45 million consumers’ card information within a period of 18 months (FTC, 2008). Although the TJX filed Form 8-K disclosure statement with the Securities and Exchange Commission as required by the law, the company was widely held to be at fault for the breach. The company was accused of breaching the law by storing unencrypted sensitive consumer information, for their failure to limit unauthorised access to the massive data via their wireless network, and the inability to establish adequate security measures within its networks among other issues (FTC, 2008). The Legal and social Issues in the TJX Data Breach The current global data protection guideline is based on the Fair Information Practices (FIPs), which deal with individual rights and organisational responsibilities with regard to management of consumer data (Morley, 2014). In other words, how responsibly the data is used is a pointer to the social expectations with regards to consumer data use. FIPs attempts to put a certain level of balance between the competing business and individual interests in terms of legitimate use of personal information, which serves as the foundation for privacy laws and industry-specific regulatory programmes. In this respect, FIPs lays the foundation for organisations on how to be socially responsible in dealing with privacy issues. On the other hand, the adoption of these guidelines lays the foundations for evaluation by the external audiences on an organisation’s degree of responsiveness (Allen, 2011). There is a general consensus that responsible data management practice is paramount in every organisation (Morley, 2014). However, there is no consensus about how the implementation of individual principles should be carried out. Schwartz (2009, p.1) observes that in most parts of the world, â€Å"fair information practices are implemented through omnibus laws.† Curiously, the United States has no comprehensive laws that compel organisations to observe fair information practice, but instead developed sectoral laws and regulations to consumer privacy protection with laws being enacted in response to issues arising from specific industries. The challenge that comes with this approach is that there is uneven practice in terms of operations and implementations. Moreover, the TJX issue exposed some glaring weaknesses in the implementation of FIP laws and regulations based on the principles of notice, choice, access, security, and sanctions for noncompliance (Culnan, et al., 2008). The effectiveness of data privacy management for organisations that collect, store, and use consumer personal data is curtailed by other issues including unclear law or policy, varied jurisdictions, and differences in data type. The challenge may be further aggravated by conflicting regional or state laws (Allen, 2011). The breaches in the TJX case involved unauthorised access to consumer personal information, which resulted in a variety of risks towards consumer personal information. Nevertheless, there is a general agreement within the statutory laws and regulations that every organisation should ensure there is duty of care with regards to information they collect and store based on consumer’s vulnerability and the actual possibility of harm (Allen, 2011). Allen (2011) observes that although organisations that comply with government regulations are considered legitimate, and readily accepted by their external environment, including partners, this milestone is not easily achievable given the above challenges. For example, the term ‘reasonable procedure’ as stated in most sectoral data protection regulations does not specify what is actually ‘reasonable’, which may vary depending on the nature and size of the organisation, the types of information it captures and stores, the security equipments and tools in the possession of the organisation, and the nature of risk at display. There has been criticism in regards to the prevailing laws and regulations because they are seen as reactive and outdated at the time when they are enacted (Morley, 2014). The other complaint is that most of privacy violation issues are only detected after the damage is done, thus doing little to reverse the loss on the affected consumers. The Moral Issues and Responsibilities Information ethics is based on the collection, use, and management of information (Morley, 2014). As technology becomes increasingly complex, it is evident that ethical problems related to these developments continue to increase. However, the normative theories (stockholder, stakeholder, and social contracts) used to address the prevailing challenges remain less developed, with many institutions only relying on bare legal minimum requirements in relation to consumer data protection (Culnan, et al., 2008). Morley (2014) observes that these theories are distinct and incompatible with regards to the obligations of a business person. Taking into consideration the large social and financial impact of privacy breach as observed in the TJX case, there are mainly two aspects of moral issues that are central to the data privacy: vulnerability and harm avoidance. The concept of vulnerability highlights most of society’s moral intuitions, with the inherent scenario where one party is at disadvantage with regard to the other party in terms of data collection and use. This situation emerged because one party lacked the capacity to control the information givento the other party. Solove (2007) observed that the root cause of large-scale privacy invasions is embedded inthe lack of information control by the giver. In the case of TJX, consumers suffered outright vulnerability, although they expected TJX to protect their card information with a proper mechanism in place. On the other hand, avoiding harm involves the need for managers to avoid using consumer data to harm the vulnerable consumer socially and financially. Many have argued that it is the responsibility of the managers to take a minimum moral standing to ensure no harm is done in the treatment of consumer information (Culnan, et al., 2008). Conclusion Information privacy is an important issue in the modern business environment. In order to protect consumer information, managers must learn to strike a balance between consumer privacy and business interests by constantly adhering to the principle of protecting the vulnerable consumer and not causing harm to them through their personal information. It is important to note that TJX caused harm when their consumer personal data were stolen by a third party intruder. Although TJX violated industry rules, it is more significant to highlight that the company’s failure to observe moral responsibility in the protection of consumer data should be viewed as more detrimental to the company. Businesses are expected to follow basic ethical principles in managing business activities. While we can argue that the TJX data breach saga received the attention because of the United State’s comprehensive formal notice requirements within the laws on privacy data management, it is also apparent that personal data protection is beyond the laws and regulations and requires ethical foundations within the organisations. The need to integrate ethical reasoning into the privacy programmes of every organisation is paramount (Xu et al., 2008). We can argue that integrating moral responsibility within organisations will not only establish ethical standards for the organisations, but is growingly becoming a necessity considering the challenges surrounding the implementation of legal requirements. Furthermore, considering that consumers are vulnerable and are unable to control how businesses use their personal information, it is the moral responsibilities of every organisation to go beyond bare minimum legal compliance. That is, each organisation needs to take reasonable pre caution when handling consumer data and ensure no harm is caused with this kind of data. References Allen, A. (2011). Unpopular Privacy: What Must We HideOxford: Oxford University Press. Culnan, M. J., Foxman, E. R., and Ray, A. W. (2008). â€Å"Why ITExecutives Should Help Employees Secure Their Home Com- puters,† MIS Quarterly Executive (7:1), March, pp. 49-55. Federal Trade Commission (FTC). (2008). â€Å"Press Release: Agency Announces Settlement of Separate Actions Against Retailer TJX, and Data Brokers Reed Elsevier and Seisint for Failing to Provide Adequate Security for Consumers’ Data,† March 27(available at http://www.ftc.gov/opa/2008/03/datasec.shtm; accessed November 29, 2014). Greenaway, K. E., and Chan, Y. E. (2005). â€Å"Theoretical Explana-tions of Firms’ Information Privacy Behaviors,† Journal of the Association for Information Systems (6:6), pp. 171-198. Morley, D. (2014). Understanding Computers in a Changing Society. Chicago: Cengage Learning. Schwartz, M. (2009). â€Å"Europe Debates Mandatory Data Breach Notifications.† The Privacy Advisor (9:2), p. 1. Smedinghoff, T. J., and Hamady, L. E. (2008). â€Å"New State Regula-tions Signal Significant Expansion of Corporate Data SecurityObligations,† BNA Privacy and Security Law Report (7), October 20, p. 1518. Solove, D. (2007). â€Å"The New Vulnerability: Data Security andPersonal Information,† in Securing Privacy in the Internet Age, A. Chander, L. Gelman, and M. J. Radin (eds.), Palo Alto, CA: Stanford University Press, pp. 111-136. Xu, H., Dinev, T., Smith, H. J., and Hart, P. (2008). â€Å"Examining the Formation of Individual’s Privacy Concerns: Toward an Integra-tive View,† in Proceedings of the 29th International Conference on Information Systems, Paris (available at http://aisel.aisnet.org/icis2008/6; accessed October 29, 2014). How to cite Information Privacy Security: TJX Data Breach Crisis and Lessons, Essay examples

Political Institutions And Their Effect On Economic Policy Essays

Political Institutions And Their Effect On Economic Policy ESSAY: Political Institutions and their Effect on Economic Policy Laura Lynn Wantz Political Science 182 Section #28 November 30, 2000 Imagine, if you will, a country with no political institutions. A country ruled by anarchy. What kind of economic policy would this country have or would it have one at all? Now imagine a country with highly powerful and regimented political institutions. What kind of economic policy would this country have? The two fictitious countries mentioned above would certainly have very different economic policies. The first would probably be lucky to even have an economic policy at all. Its citizens would live in a world of economic uncertainty, never knowing what their future may hold. On the other hand, the citizens of the second country, although possibly unhappy with their ruler, would at least have a pretty good idea of their economic future. These citizens would be able to place their money in banks and exchange it in international markets. They could save for their future without the fear of having everything taken from them at any given moment. What is it though that makes the economic policies of these countries so different? While there are clearly many factors that affect a country's economic policy, in this paper I would like to argue that the most important one is the presence or lack of strong political institutions. In the beginning large nations or political states did not exist. The law of the land was every man for himself. As time went on small bands of people began to form. In the beginning membership in such groups was voluntary, but those who joined soon learned of the benefits of cooperation. With time these bands became larger and larger and it was apparent that some groups were stronger than others. The strongest of these groups became what is known as roving bandits. (Olson 1993,568). If the roving bandits can be seen as the first form of political institution then the economic policy they enforced was one of chaos. They ravaged the countrysides taking whatever they felt they needed or wanted without any regard as to what would be left over for the next time they came through. As these roving bandits progressed they realized that if they were to settle in one area they could easily increase their profits. The gigantic increase in output that normally arises from the provision of a peaceful order and other public goods gives the stationary bandit a far larger take than he could obtain without providing government. (Ibid). The formation of governments and political institutions by roving bandits led to great economic policy changes. No longer playing the role of bandits these newly formed governments ditched their policy of taking what ever they could get their hands on and replaced it with a system of taking as much as they could without economically destroying their subjects. With the use of political institutions, such as, tax collectors the now stationary bandits were able to enforce a new economic policy. So, one could say that through the establishment of political institutions the bandits were able to completely transform their economic policy. Obviously, transitioning from a complete lack of political institutions to a system based in institutions is going to change economic policy, but in today's world there are very few places, if any, that completely lack political institutions. Interestingly enough not only is economic policy linked to the presence of political institutions it is also dependent upon the strength of each. Over the last couple of centuries the industrialized world has put into place thousands of political institutions. The state has become the most basic unit of political power. Through these institutions countries have been able to build national banks, stock markets, and economic tools such as the Federal Reserve. Through these institutions governments have been able to control the flow and value of their money. As history also tells us the most successful of these countries have been those whose political institutions are stable, predictable, and strong. The political institutions in these countries have been able to implement economic policies on a broad scale. From the socialism of Norway to the capitalism of the United States the point is that these policies would not have been possible without the presence of strong political institutions. The best way to prove this point, though, would have to be to ponder the question of what would happen to the economic policies of these countries if their institutions were to be weakened considerably? It may seem logical to prove that the strength of political institutions is directly related to economic policy by citing examples of